Astroparticle Physics by Claus Grupen

Author:Claus Grupen
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030273392
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

(9.5.1)

where GeV has been used. One can convert this to normal units by dividing by ,

(9.5.2)

This density corresponds to about proton masses in the volume of a single proton!

Proceeding now more systematically, one can find the times and energy densities, at which different temperatures were reached. By combining this with the knowledge of particle physics, one will see what types of particle interactions were taking place at what time. To do this numerically, we need all particles, which have contributed to the energy density, including all their spin and colour states. In good approximation we can treat all particles of the Standard Model as being relativistic (T larger than a few hundred GeV). Possibly existing heavier particles from supersymmetric theories will change the results only insignificantly.

Table 9.2 shows values for the temperature and energy density at several points within the first 10 ms after the Big Bang, where most of the values have been rounded to the nearest order of magnitude.Table 9.2Thermal history of the first 10 ms

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